Likopi tsa likhalase{{0}tse nang le mabota a mabeli, tse nang le melemo ea ho thibela mocheso, ho thibela ho chesa, le ho hlaka, li fetohile lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng ho noa letsatsi le letsatsi le liofising. Mohaho oa bona o bonahalang o le bonolo-o nang le mabota o pata mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa tlhahiso. Ho tloha ho khetho ea lihlahisoa tse tala ho isa ho tlhahiso e felileng ea ho fana ka lihlahisoa, li na le taolo e matla holim'a mekhoa e mengata, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ama boleng ba senoelo le nako ea bophelo ea senoelo.
Mokotla oa ho etsa{0}likopi tsa likhalase tse hahelletsoeng ka marako ke khalase e phahameng ea borosilicate. Mofuta ona oa khalase ha o chese mocheso-, ha o na matla, ha o na monko, o khona ho mamella mocheso o fetohang ntle le ho robeha. Thepa e tala e qala ho siloa, ea hloekisoa le ho tlosoa litšila pele e romeloa sebōping ho ea qhibiliha ka har'a mokelikeli oa khalase o nang le mocheso o phahameng oa hoo e ka bang likhato tse 1500. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho qhibiliha, ho tsosoa ho tsoelang pele hoa hlokahala ho netefatsa hore mokelikeli oa khalase o na le sebopeho se ts'oanang le ho thibela ho thehoa ha li-bubble tsa moea.
Kamora hore mokelikeli oa khalase o pholile ho fihlela mocheso o loketseng, o kena mothating oa ho bopeha, e leng mohato oa mantlha oa ho theha marako a mabeli-. Hajoale, mokhoa o tloaelehileng o sebelisa "methati e 'meli-ea ho bopa": Ea pele, 'mele oa ka hare oa senoelo o hatelloa ka ntle ho sebelisoa hlobo. Ka mor'a hore e pholile 'me e behe,' mele oa ka hare oa senoelo o kenngoa ka har'a hlobo e 'ngoe. Ka mor'a moo, khalase e qhibilihisitsoeng e kenngoa ka har'a lekhalo pakeng tsa likarolo tse ka hare le tse ka ntle, e hatella 'mele oa senoelo sa ka ntle, ho tiisa hore ho na le ho lekana ka thata pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli le ho etsa lehare le tiisitsoeng. Botenya ba interlayer bo hloka ho laoloa ka nepo pakeng tsa 0.3-0.5 mm. E tšesaane haholo, 'me e tla ama phello ea ho kenya mocheso; e teteaneng haholo, mme e tla eketsa boima ba senoelo mme e fokotse maikutlo a eona letsohong.
Ka mor'a ho bōptjoa, 'mele oa senoelo o lokela ho kenngoa ka har'a sebōpi se chesang. Ena ke mohato oa bohlokoa ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba khalase. 'Mele oa senoelo o pholile butle ka sebōping se chesang ho tloha ho likhato tse 500 ho ea mocheso oa kamore, ts'ebetso e nkang lihora tse 4-6. Sepheo ke ho felisa khatello ea kelello ka hare ho khalase le ho thibela ho phunyeha ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa mocheso nakong ea tšebeliso e latelang. Ka mor'a ho kolobisoa, 'mele oa senoelo o siloa ka thata, oa siloa le ho bentša e le hore ho tlosoe metsu le mefokolo molomong le 'meleng, e leng ho etsang hore e be boreleli, e chitja le 'mele o hlakileng, o benyang.
Ka mor'a ho bentša, 'mele oa senoelo o kena litekong tse matla tsa boleng. Bahlahlobi ba tla sebelisa leseli le matla ho lekola lipululo le mapetsong a interlayer, ho lekanya ho nepahala ha li-dimensional ka li-caliper, le ho lekola tiiso ka tlhahlobo ea ente ea metsi-mokoloko oa likhalase tse habeli{2}}o tlameha ho bolokoa maemong a vacuum; haeba tiiso e sa tiea, phello ea mocheso e tla fokotseha, 'me mouoane oa metsi o ka kena' me oa baka condensation. Likopi tse tšoanelehang le tsona li tla khabisoa ka mekhabiso e hatisitsoeng, e betliloeng, le mekhabiso e meng ea bokaholimo ha ho hlokahala, ’me qetellong, ka mor’a ho hloekisa, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko le ho phutheloa, li ka romeloa ’marakeng.